The public and private sectors even before jonesannouncement of the double cross method,several young scientists that were working in the public sector had begun to inbreed maize,with no knowledge ofthe precise method that would be followed to make hybrids. Chemical composition of the maize kernel components % carbohydrates 84,0 protein 10,9 fat 4,5 minerals 1,3 table 1. The objectives of cimmyts maize breeding and seed systems work are to. The strengths that pioneer has in plant genetics and information technology. Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Prior to 1909, nearly all maize breeding was done by farmers or farmerseedsmen, who used mass selection as their main breeding method hallauer et al. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of. Develop genetically diverse, highyielding maize inbred lines and hybrids, combining multiplestress tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, enhanced nutritional quality, and desirable seed production properties for target production zones. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples in rice oryza sativa l. Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears. This book highlights modern trends in development of hybrids, analysis of genetic diversity, molecular breeding, comparative and functional genomics, epigenomicsand proteomics in maize. No problem of corn improvement has been more carefully studied than the relation of ear type to yield. Management of hybrid maize seed production fields 19 1.
The results of many of these studies have been summarized in a previous bulletin of. As maize is one of the best researched and characterised plants, significant amounts of information are available for many aspects of the biology of maize, and the reader is referred to the literature provided in this document as a starting point. Ipbo, technologiepark 19, 9052 gentzwijnaarde with the support of. An integrated molecular and conventional breeding scheme for. Simply put, a maize hybrid results from the fertilization of one maize plant by another genetically unrelated plant.
Maize is a type of grain produced for human consumption in many forms and as. A wide range of methods, entailing subtle variations, have been used both for population improvement and. Major advantages of dh lines in hybrid breeding include maximum genetic variance from the very first generation perfect compliance with dus criteria. Traditional farming can only yield limited food for humans and animals. In a recent lecture given at the michigan state college, mr. Maize breeding is an attempt to genetically and environmentally enhance maize crops so that they are more resistant to disease and pests, more productive, and more tolerant of adverse weather conditions.
Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples. Some of these often referred to as molecular methods. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of maize. In this document the terms maize and corn are used to refer to. Breeding techniques are largely focused around expediting the production of superior. Since that time maize has been unique as a major crop of the world and a very important species for basic research.
The development of biotechnology has led to a great increase in our knowledge of maize genetics and understanding of the structure and. Genetics, genomics and breeding of maize crc press book. More recently, maize breeding has been impacted by rapid technological advances in sequencing and genotyping technology, transformation. The maize breeding scheme at iita can be broadly divided into categories of population improvement procedures that may lead to the development of opvs or inbred line development for producing superior hybrids baduapraku and fakorede 2018. Maize is the third most important cereal crop species in the world after wheat and. Illinois corn breeders school, champaign, 1 st of march 2010 27 summary and conclusions 1 in vivo techniques of haploid induction have become standard tools in maize breeding and research.
Mass selection is a method in which the best ears from the best plants would be selected from a population of maize plants. The procedure applied in the development together with selection methods have already been described dumanovic, 1995. Moreover, the adoption of genetically modified gm crops by smallholder farmers has led to higher yields, lower pesticide use, poverty reduction, and improved nutrition. Kaushik kumar panigrahi assistant professor, department of plant breeding and genetics, college of agriculture, chiplima submitted by. Soil preparation and planting i seed preparation ii planting and population density 7. Biotechnology encompasses a number of tools and elements of conventional breeding techniques, bioinformatics, microbiology, molecular genetics, biochemistry. Maize is a type of grain produced for human consumption in many forms and as a source of oil.
A simple method to improve efficiency of maize breeding. Maize yields began to rise in conjunction with the introduction of hybrids in other countries as well cunha fernandes 1997, derieux 1987, eyherabide 1994, frei 2000, tollenaar 1989, although, as in the united states, improved crop management techniques usually accompanied the introduction of hybrid maize. Haralson, assistant superintendent, fruit breeding farin, zumbra heights. Optimization of doubled haploid production in maize zea. Maize stalks are also used as fuel wood and for construction purposes. Modern maize breeding methods are primarily a 20th century phenomenon. Agricultural biotechnology is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology tools. Here, we argue that with careful deployment and scientifically informed regulation, new plant breeding technologies npbts such as genome editing will be able to contribute substantially to global food security. The developments in quantitative genetics and the accumulated experimental data from the extensive breeding programs. Maize is thought to have originated at least 5000 years ago in the highlands of mexico, peru, ecuador, andor bolivia because of the great density of native forms found in the region. Conventional breeding for faw resistance, however, took a backseat after the advent of bt maize in the us in the 1990s. Maize breeding iowa state university digital repository.
Because the great majority of mutants carry undesirable traits, this method has not been widely used in breeding programs. Thomas lubberstedt, comajor professor candice gardner, comajor professor. Hybrid maize is the greatest practical achievement of plant genetics to date. Modern breeding techniques of maize monday august 20th friday september 7th 2018 program venue. Better management can increase yield but only to a limited extent. Their relationships to one another, as well as the general developments in maize genetics and breeding growth, are included.
Dec 03, 2017 presentation on breeding techniques in maize 1. It provides an ended sight of qpm varieties globally, trends and contests encountering on qpm at. Optimum hybrid maize breeding strategies using doubled. Most of the knowledge from that research has been either worthless or inaccessible to maize breeding programs and actual improvement of maize. Nevertheless, so far only a few developing and emerging economiessuch as china, india, pakistan, bangladesh, and south africahave embraced gm crops. Beal observed increased vigour and grain yield in the hybrids of different. Steps and methods of plant breeding for disease resistance.
A major problem is the long generation time of crops, as breeding needs frequent crossing and selfing. Wallace, the united states secretary of agriculture, traced the history of maize or corn breeding and pointed out that up to. Introduction to maize breeding nathan schnur overview what is plant breeding. This book provides the biographies, and a related summary, of geneticists and breeders of maize who have contributed to the major discoveries in the 20th century. This randomly selects half the genes from a given plant to propagate to the next generation, meaning that desirable traits found in the crop like high yield or good nutrition can be lost in subsequent generations unless certain techniques are used. This book highlights modern trends in development of hybrids, analysis of genetic diversity, molecular breeding, comparative and functional.
New plant breeding technologies for food security science. Trade in maize seed and intentional outcrossing with introduced types are practicesancient 1416. A new race race t of the southern corn leaf blight pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus emerged in 1969 that was. Mar 22, 2020 maize breeding is an attempt to genetically and environmentally enhance maize crops so that they are more resistant to disease and pests, more productive, and more tolerant of adverse weather conditions. Furthermore, the maize exists in different forms in respect to size and colour of plant and ear. The contribution of breeding to yield advances in maize zea. This course modern breeding techniques of maize focuses on 1 the latest scientific developments and tools to accelerate maize breeding both conventional breeding and biotechnological techniques, 2 the latest essential insights in the regulatory framework and environmental risk assessment principles in africa and europe and 3 methods to collect reliable data that allow a thorough environmental risk assessment of new maize varieties. Hybrid maize seed production manual 2 from thinning and topping and dry maize stalks and other residues can also be fed to animals. Therefore, sustained improvement in agricultural productivity is central to socioeconomic development. Principles of plant breeding icar ecourse pdf book agrimoon. Course content this course modern breeding techniques of maize focuses on 1 the latest scientific developments and tools to accelerate maize breeding both conventional breeding and biotechnological techniques, 2 the latest essential insights in the regulatory framework and environmental risk assessment.
Hybrid maize technologies available for commercial production 10 1. Low nitrogen, sugar and high aspartic acid in maize develops resistance to maize stem borers. Maize is an exception as it is mostly outcrossing and thus harder to. As the first step towards using molecular markers in cimmyts maize breeding program, restriction fragment length polymorphisms rflps have been used to understand the genetic basis of resistance. Optimum hybrid maize breeding strategies using doubled haploids. Maize breeding or improvement is the art and science of manipulating the genetic composition of the maize genotype s for developing desirable cultivars. Maize with a high percentage of translucent of hard endosperm is preferred by the dry milling industry, because it produces more of the popular highquality and highvalue products sought after than does soft maize. But plant breeding as a technology increased yield to a very large extent. Basic genetics mendelian genetics principles of breeding maize plant breeding methods. Mar 29, 2019 therefore, sustained improvement in agricultural productivity is central to socioeconomic development. The results of many of these studies have been summarized in a previous bulletin of this station.
The development of biotechnology has led to a great increase in our knowledge of maize genetics and understanding of the structure and behaviour of maize genomes. Maize is one of the most important economic crops and the best studied and most tractable genetic system among monocots. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Shull was the dawn of the modern era of maize breeding. Optimization of doubled haploid production in maize zea mays l. Development of a new cultivar involves more than genetic variability and heredity. An overview of the genetics of zea mays and a stepbystep procedure for making controlled crosses between varieties of corn. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with. Breeders have been effective in developing improved cultivars to meet the changing cultural and environmental conditions of the past 150 years. Presentation on breeding technique in maize guided by. Hybrid maize breeding originated in 1909, primarily through the innovative. Previously, conventional plant breeding through cross and selfpollination strategies played a major role in improving agricultural productivity. Selection is a primary tool associated with plant breeding techniques. Breeding methods for insect pests resistance include the same steps as for any other agronomic character like yield or quality as described above.
Unfortunately, the methods promoted were not always very successful for increasing yield. Maize breeding and seed production by farmers was once the norm figure 1. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. A joint production of the international maize and wheat improvement center. As production and diversification of maize increases, industrial use of maize will also become important in the country. Production of highprotein maize by mendelian methods. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support. Ppt introduction to maize breeding powerpoint presentation. This issue of nature plants reports a powerful method to accelerate breeding 1. Maize breeding is one of the successful examples of breederdirected evolution. Sequencing of the maize genome has opened up new opportunities in maize breeding, genetics and genomics research. While this technique has been used since the domestication of plants, it is not very effective for traits with low heritability such as yield. Physiology of maize chapter 5 maize cudtivation chapter chapter chapter.